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In the diverse world of feline companionship, polydactyl cats stand out as a fascinating and endearing anomaly. These unique felines, characterized by their surplus of digits, have captivated cat enthusiasts and casual observers alike for generations. As we delve into the intricacies of polydactylism in cats, prepare to uncover a wealth of information about these charming creatures, from their genetic quirks to their historical significance.
Polydactyl cats, affectionately dubbed “mitten cats” or “thumb cats,” boast an extra toe or toes on one or more of their paws. This distinctive trait not only sets them apart visually but also imbues them with a set of characteristics that have both practical and whimsical implications. As we explore the world of polydactyl cats, you’ll discover why these multi-toed marvels have inspired folklore, scientific inquiry, and devoted followings throughout history.
What Are Polydactyl Cats?
Polydactyly, derived from the Greek words “poly” (many) and “daktylos” (digits), is a genetic condition that results in the presence of extra toes on an animal’s paws or feet. In cats, this condition most commonly manifests as additional toes on the front paws, though it can occur on all four paws in some cases.
Typically, cats have 18 toes in total—five on each front paw and four on each hind paw. Polydactyl cats, however, can have up to eight toes per paw, potentially yielding a grand total of 28 toes. The world record for the most toes on a cat belongs to a Canadian feline named Jake, who boasted an impressive 28 toes, with seven on each paw.
The prevalence of polydactyly varies geographically, with higher concentrations found in certain regions. For instance, polydactyl cats are more common in Western England, Wales, and the Eastern United States and Canada. This distribution is likely due to the historical movement of ships and sailors, who often kept polydactyl cats on board for good luck and superior mousing abilities.
The Science Behind Polydactyly
The genetic basis for polydactyly in cats is a fascinating subject that illustrates the complexities of feline genetics. Polydactyly is caused by a dominant gene mutation, meaning that only one copy of the gene is needed for the trait to manifest. This dominant nature explains why the trait can persist and even flourish in certain cat populations.
The specific gene responsible for polydactyly in cats is called the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene. This gene plays a crucial role in embryonic development, particularly in the formation of limbs and digits. A mutation in the Shh gene can lead to the development of extra toes during the embryonic stage.
Interestingly, the expression of polydactyly can vary even among cats with the same genetic mutation. This variability is due to other genetic factors and environmental influences during development, resulting in a spectrum of polydactyl presentations—from cats with a single extra toe to those with several additional digits on multiple paws.
The inheritance pattern of polydactyly follows Mendelian genetics. When a polydactyl cat is bred with a non-polydactyl cat, approximately 50% of the kittens will inherit the polydactyl trait. If two polydactyl cats are bred together, the likelihood of producing polydactyl offspring increases to about 75%.
It’s important to note that while polydactyly is generally harmless, in rare cases, it can be associated with other genetic abnormalities. Responsible breeders and veterinarians monitor polydactyl cats to ensure that the trait doesn’t negatively impact the animal’s health or quality of life.
History of Polydactyl Cats
The history of polydactyl cats is as intriguing as the felines themselves, intertwining with maritime lore and literary legacy. While the exact origin of polydactyly in cats is unclear, the trait has been documented for centuries, with polydactyl cats appearing in historical records and folklore across various cultures.
Polydactyl cats gained particular prominence in the nautical world during the age of sail. Sailors believed these cats brought good luck and possessed superior balance and climbing abilities, making them ideal shipmates. This superstition led to the widespread distribution of polydactyl cats along shipping routes, explaining their higher prevalence in port cities and coastal regions.
One of the most famous associations with polydactyl cats involves the renowned American author Ernest Hemingway. In the 1930s, Hemingway was gifted a polydactyl cat named Snow White by a ship’s captain. This cat became the progenitor of a colony of polydactyl cats that still reside at Hemingway’s former home in Key West, Florida, now a museum and popular tourist attraction.
The Hemingway connection has been so influential that polydactyl cats are sometimes referred to as “Hemingway cats.” Today, the Ernest Hemingway Home and Museum houses approximately 60 cats, about half of which are polydactyl. These cats are protected as a historical treasure, with many bearing names of famous personalities, continuing Hemingway’s tradition of naming his feline companions after celebrities and historical figures.
The historical significance of polydactyl cats extends beyond Hemingway’s legacy. In some Native American cultures, polydactyl cats were considered sacred and believed to possess mystical powers. In parts of England and Wales, they were thought to bring good fortune to households.
As we continue to explore the world of polydactyl cats, we’ll delve deeper into their physical characteristics, dispel common myths, and discuss the considerations of caring for these unique felines. The rich history and cultural significance of polydactyl cats serve as a testament to the enduring fascination humans have with these multi-toed marvels.
Physical Characteristics
The most distinguishing feature of polydactyl cats is, of course, their extra toes. However, the manifestation of polydactyly can vary significantly from one cat to another, creating a spectrum of unique paw configurations.
In most cases, the extra digits appear on the medial (inner) side of the paw, often resembling a thumb. This positioning has led to the endearing nickname “mitten cats,” as their paws can look remarkably like tiny mittens. The additional toes can be fully formed and functional, complete with claws and toe pads, or they may be smaller, partially formed digits.
The number of extra toes can differ between paws, even on the same cat. While polydactyly most commonly affects the front paws, some cats exhibit the trait on all four paws. In rare cases, a cat might have different numbers of toes on each paw, creating a truly unique paw print.
Beyond their distinctive paws, polydactyl cats don’t typically exhibit any other consistent physical traits that set them apart from their non-polydactyl counterparts. They can be found in all coat colors, patterns, and lengths, and their body types vary as much as those of any other domestic cat.
However, it’s worth noting that polydactyly is more common in certain cat breeds, particularly the Maine Coon. This association has led some to believe that polydactyl cats tend to be larger, as Maine Coons are known for their substantial size. While this correlation exists, it’s important to remember that polydactyly itself doesn’t determine a cat’s size or overall body type.
The extra toes of polydactyl cats can sometimes provide them with enhanced dexterity. Some owners report that their polydactyl cats are more adept at opening latches, catching objects, or even holding their food while eating. While these abilities aren’t universal among polydactyl cats, they do contribute to the fascination surrounding these unique felines.
Myths and Misconceptions
As with many distinctive traits in animals, polydactyly in cats has given rise to various myths and misconceptions. It’s crucial to address these to ensure a clear understanding of these special felines.
One common misconception is that polydactyl cats are a distinct breed. In reality, polydactyly is a genetic trait that can occur in any cat breed or mixed-breed feline. While it’s more common in certain breeds, like the Maine Coon, it’s not a breed-defining characteristic.
Another myth suggests that polydactyl cats are always more agile or better hunters than their non-polydactyl counterparts. While the extra toes might provide some advantages in terms of balance or grasping ability, a cat’s hunting prowess and agility depend on various factors, including overall health, upbringing, and individual personality.
Some people believe that polydactyl cats are more prone to health issues. While there are some health considerations specific to polydactyl cats (which we’ll discuss in the next section), polydactyly itself is generally not associated with significant health problems. Most polydactyl cats lead normal, healthy lives.
A persistent superstition holds that polydactyl cats bring good luck. While this belief has historical roots, particularly in maritime cultures, it’s important to remember that a cat’s value as a companion isn’t determined by the number of its toes or any supposed mystical properties.
Lastly, there’s a misconception that polydactyl cats are unnatural or the result of human intervention. In fact, polydactyly is a naturally occurring genetic mutation that has been present in cat populations for centuries, long before any deliberate breeding for this trait began.
Health Considerations
While polydactyly is generally harmless, there are some health considerations specific to cats with this trait. Understanding these can help owners provide the best care for their multi-toed companions.
The primary health concern for polydactyl cats relates to their claws. The extra toes often come with additional claws, which may grow at odd angles or curl back towards the paw pad. If not properly maintained, these claws can become ingrown, potentially leading to discomfort, infection, or difficulty walking.
Regular claw trimming is crucial for polydactyl cats. Owners should check their cat’s claws frequently, paying special attention to the extra digits. In some cases, professional grooming or veterinary assistance may be necessary to manage problematic claws.
Another consideration is the potential for the extra toes to get caught on objects or become injured more easily. While many polydactyl cats adapt well to their unique paws, owners should be vigilant about potential hazards, especially in outdoor environments.
In rare cases, severe polydactyly can lead to mobility issues. If a cat has an extremely high number of extra toes, it might affect their gait or make walking uncomfortable. However, such extreme cases are uncommon, and most polydactyl cats move just as gracefully as their non-polydactyl peers.
It’s worth noting that polydactyly is sometimes associated with other genetic conditions. While this is not common, responsible breeders and veterinarians monitor polydactyl cats for any signs of concurrent genetic issues.
Despite these considerations, it’s important to emphasize that the vast majority of polydactyl cats lead healthy, normal lives. With proper care and regular veterinary check-ups, the unique trait of polydactyly typically doesn’t negatively impact a cat’s overall health or lifespan.
Pros and Cons of Owning a Polydactyl Cat
Like any unique trait in pets, polydactyly comes with its own set of advantages and challenges. Prospective owners should consider these factors when deciding if a polydactyl cat is right for their home.
Advantages:
- Uniqueness: Polydactyl cats are conversation starters and can be a source of pride for owners who appreciate their distinctive appearance.
- Potential dexterity: Some polydactyl cats display enhanced abilities in grasping objects or climbing, thanks to their extra toes.
- Historical significance: Owning a polydactyl cat connects you to a rich history of maritime lore and literary legacy.
- Normal lifespan: Polydactyly generally doesn’t affect a cat’s overall health or longevity.
- Possible advantage in colder climates: The extra toes can create a larger, snowshoe-like paw that may help cats navigate snowy terrain more easily.
Challenges:
- Extra grooming needs: The additional toes require more frequent nail trimming and careful monitoring to prevent ingrown claws.
- Potential for injury: Extra toes may be more prone to getting caught on objects or sustaining injuries.
- Possible mobility issues: In rare, extreme cases of polydactyly, cats might experience difficulty walking.
- Higher initial cost: Polydactyl cats from certain breeds or with particularly striking features might be more expensive to acquire.
- Misconceptions: Owners might need to educate others about polydactyly and dispel myths surrounding the condition.
Famous Polydactyl Cat Breeds
While polydactyly can occur in any cat breed, it’s more commonly associated with certain breeds due to historical prevalence or intentional breeding. Here are some breeds known for their polydactyl members:
- Maine Coon: Perhaps the breed most famously associated with polydactyly, Maine Coons have a long history with this trait. Some believe the extra toes helped these large cats navigate the snowy terrain of their native New England. While not all Maine Coons are polydactyl, the trait is accepted in the breed standard by some cat fancier organizations.
- American Polydactyl: This is not a distinct breed but rather a category recognized by some cat associations. These cats are specifically bred for the polydactyl trait and can come in various coat colors and patterns.
- Pixie-Bob: This breed, known for its wild appearance resembling the North American Bobcat, accepts polydactyly as part of its breed standard. Polydactyl Pixie-Bobs are quite common within the breed.
- Highlander: This relatively new breed, developed in the 1990s, allows for polydactyly in its breed standard. Highlanders are known for their unique curled ears and wild appearance.
- Hemingway Cats: While not a formal breed, cats descended from Ernest Hemingway’s original polydactyl cat are often referred to as “Hemingway Cats.” These cats, primarily found at the Hemingway Home in Key West, Florida, represent a distinct lineage of polydactyl felines.
It’s important to note that while these breeds are known for polydactyly, the trait can appear in any cat breed or mixed-breed feline. Conversely, not all cats of these breeds will necessarily be polydactyl.
Caring for a Polydactyl Cat
Caring for a polydactyl cat involves many of the same considerations as caring for any feline, with a few additional points of attention:
- Nail Care: Regular nail trimming is crucial for polydactyl cats. The extra toes mean extra claws, which can grow at odd angles or curl back into the paw pad if not maintained. Aim to check and trim your cat’s claws every 2-3 weeks.
- Paw Inspection: Regularly examine your cat’s paws for any signs of injury, infection, or ingrown claws. Pay special attention to the spaces between the extra toes, where debris can accumulate.
- Environmental Safety: Be mindful of potential hazards that could snag your cat’s extra toes. Ensure there are no loose threads on furniture or carpets, and be cautious with items like knitted blankets that could trap a claw.
- Enrichment Activities: Many polydactyl cats enjoy toys that allow them to use their unique paws. Puzzle feeders, batting toys, and scratching posts can provide engaging activities that cater to their potential increased dexterity.
- Diet and Exercise: While not specific to polydactyly, maintaining a healthy weight is important for all cats to prevent undue stress on their paws and joints.
- Regular Vet Check-ups: Ensure your veterinarian is familiar with polydactyl cats and can provide specialized advice if needed. Regular check-ups can help catch any potential issues early.
- Grooming: If your polydactyl cat has long fur between their toes, gentle grooming of these areas can prevent matting and discomfort.
By paying attention to these aspects of care, owners can ensure their polydactyl cats lead comfortable, healthy lives while embracing their unique physical trait.

Polydactyl Cats in Pop Culture
Polydactyl cats have left their mark on popular culture, appearing in various forms of media and capturing the public’s imagination. Their unique appearance and historical significance have made them a subject of fascination in books, movies, and social media.
- Literature: Ernest Hemingway’s love for polydactyl cats has inspired numerous literary references. His novel “Islands in the Stream” features a character with a polydactyl cat, likely inspired by his own pets.
- Film and Television: Polydactyl cats have made appearances in several movies and TV shows. In the film “Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore” (2010), a polydactyl cat named Paws is featured as a character.
- Social Media: Many polydactyl cats have gained fame on social media platforms. Instagram accounts dedicated to polydactyl cats, such as “@idaho_polydactyl_cats” and “@littlebeargrr,” have thousands of followers who delight in their unique paw photos and daily antics.
- Art and Photography: The distinctive paws of polydactyl cats have inspired artists and photographers. Many cat-themed art exhibitions and photography books feature polydactyl cats prominently.
- Mascots and Symbols: Some businesses and organizations have adopted polydactyl cats as mascots or symbols. For example, the Hemingway Home and Museum gift shop features polydactyl cat-themed merchandise.
The enduring popularity of polydactyl cats in pop culture speaks to their charm and the public’s continued fascination with these unique felines.
Adopting a Polydactyl Cat
For those interested in bringing a polydactyl cat into their home, there are several avenues to explore:
- Animal Shelters: Many shelters have polydactyl cats available for adoption. These cats often come from mixed backgrounds and can be an excellent choice for those looking for a unique pet without supporting breeding practices.
- Breed-Specific Rescues: Organizations that focus on breeds known for polydactyly, such as Maine Coon rescues, may have polydactyl cats available.
- Breeders: Some breeders specialize in polydactyl cats or breeds that commonly exhibit the trait. If choosing this route, ensure you select a reputable breeder who prioritizes the health and well-being of their cats.
- The Hemingway Home: While you can’t adopt directly from the Hemingway Home, some authorized organizations occasionally have descendents of Hemingway’s cats available for adoption.
Before adopting, consider the following:
- Are you prepared for the potential extra care requirements, such as more frequent nail trimming?
- Does your lifestyle allow for the attention and care a cat needs, regardless of their toe count?
- Are you adopting because you genuinely want a feline companion, or are you more attracted to the novelty of extra toes?
Remember, while polydactyly is a unique trait, it doesn’t define a cat’s personality or worth as a companion. The most important factors in choosing a cat should be compatibility with your lifestyle and the connection you feel with the individual animal.
Conclusion
Polydactyl cats, with their charming extra toes and rich history, represent a fascinating aspect of feline genetics and culture. From their origins in maritime lore to their place in modern pop culture, these multi-toed marvels continue to captivate cat lovers around the world.
While polydactyly does come with some special considerations, particularly in terms of grooming and health monitoring, the majority of polydactyl cats lead normal, healthy lives. Their unique physical trait often endears them to their owners and can even provide some advantages in dexterity and adaptation to certain environments.
As we’ve explored, polydactyl cats are not just a curiosity but a testament to the diversity and adaptability of our feline companions. Whether you’re considering adopting a polydactyl cat or simply appreciating their uniqueness, these cats remind us of the wonderful variations that exist in the animal kingdom.
Ultimately, what makes any cat special is not the number of its toes, but the bond it forms with its human companions. Polydactyl or not, each cat is an individual with its own personality, quirks, and capacity for affection. The extra toes of a polydactyl cat are just one more feature to love in these already beloved pets.
FAQ: Polydactyl Cats
What are polydactyl cats?
Polydactyl cats are felines that have extra toes, typically six or more on each paw instead of the usual five on the front and four on the back. This genetic trait can result in a distinctive appearance, often making it look like they have thumbs or are wearing mittens.
How does polydactyly occur in cats?
Polydactyly is caused by an inheritable genetic mutation that is autosomal dominant. This means that if one parent cat has the trait, there is a significant chance (about 40-50%) that their kittens will also be polydactyl.
Are polydactyl cats healthy?
Generally, polydactyl cats are healthy and do not suffer from specific health issues related to their extra toes. However, regular grooming and nail trimming are essential to prevent overgrown claws, which can lead to pain or infection
Can any breed of cat be polydactyl?
Yes, polydactyly can occur in any cat breed, but it is particularly common in Maine Coons. There is no specific breed associated with this trait, as it is a genetic anomaly that can appear across various breeds
Why are polydactyl cats sometimes called “Hemingway cats”?
Polydactyl cats are often referred to as “Hemingway cats” because the famous author Ernest Hemingway had a fondness for them. He was gifted a six-toed cat named Snowball, and his estate in Key West, Florida, now houses many descendants of his polydactyl cats.
Resources
For those interested in learning more about polydactyl cats, here are some valuable resources:
- The International Cat Association (TICA) – Polydactyl Cats https://tica.org/en/cat-breeds/item/253-polydactyl-cats
- Cornell Feline Health Center – Polydactyl Cats https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/polydactyl-cats
- The Hemingway Home and Museum https://www.hemingwayhome.com/cats/
- Cat Fanciers’ Association – Maine Coon Breed Standard https://cfa.org/maine-coon-cat/maine-coon-cat-breed-standard/
- Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery – “Polydactyly in cats: A review and classification system” https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1098612X15623098
- American Veterinary Medical Association – Declawing of Domestic Cats https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/animal-health-and-welfare/declaw
- The Spruce Pets – Polydactyl Cat Care https://www.thesprucepets.com/polydactyl-cats-555455
- PetMD – Polydactyl Cats: Everything You Need to Know https://www.petmd.com/cat/general-health/polydactyl-cats-everything-you-need-know
- Catster – Polydactyl Cats: The Charm of Big-Footed Felines https://www.catster.com/lifestyle/polydactyl-cats-facts-history-photos-genetic-mutation
- National Geographic – “Six-toed cats: Inside the Hemingway Home” https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/150730-hemingway-cats-key-west-nation-animals-science
[…] Polydactyl cats need a bit more care than regular cats. They have more nails, which can grow too long. This is because some of their nails never touch the ground. […]